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Including an extremely heat Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer1,2, 2023 is reported as the hottest year on record3-5. Contextualizing latest anthropogenic warming towards previous purely natural variability is nontrivial, even so, because the sparse nineteenth century meteorological information tend to be far too warm6. Right here, we Incorporate observed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) area air temperatures to show that 2023 was the warmest NH further-tropical summer season over the past 2000 years exceeding the ninety five% confidence selection of pure weather variability by a lot more than 50 % a degree Celsius.

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